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Estimating the uncertainty of a statistic by resampling the observed data with replacement, many times, and looking at the spread of results.

You have 250 daily returns with a mean of 0.05%. Is that mean distinguishable from zero? Draw 250 returns at random from your own sample, with replacement, compute the mean, and repeat 10,000 times. If 8% of those means come out below zero, your one-sided p-value is about 0.08.

The appeal is that it makes no assumption of normality, which matters because returns have fat-tails and the textbook t-test understates uncertainty on short samples.

The limitation is that it can only reuse what you have. A bootstrap of ten calm years cannot produce a crash, so bootstrapped drawdown estimates from a benign sample are optimistic by construction.

Related: block-bootstrap, monte-carlo-simulation

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