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Cost of debt

The interest rate a company pays on new borrowing, taken after tax because interest is deductible, not the average rate on legacy debt.

For valuation the relevant figure is marginal, meaning what the company would pay to borrow today. Legacy fixed-rate debt from a low-rate era makes the reported interest-expense divided by total-debt far too low a proxy.

Estimate it from the yield on the company's traded bonds, or from a credit spread implied by its interest-coverage-ratio and net-debt-to-ebitda, added to the risk-free rate.

Example: Northwind Tools pays an average 3.9% on existing debt, but its 2032 notes yield 5.5% in the market. Valuation uses 5.5% pre-tax, 4.2% after the 24% tax rate.

Related: wacc, interest-expense, refinancing-risk, interest-coverage-ratio, effective-tax-rate

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